Harnessing 2D Nanostructure Inorganic Materials for Efficient and Sustainable Supercapacitor Energy Storage

Recent advancements in supercapacitors (SCs) have sparked significant interest due to their exceptional electrochemical performance, high power density, fast charge-discharge rates, and long cycling life. As renewable energy sources emerge as eco-friendly alternatives to fossil fuels, improving energy storage technologies is crucial for meeting rising electricity demands. This review highlights the role of 2D inorganic nanostructure materials in enhancing SC performance, with a focus on materials like graphene, MXene, metal oxides, phosphides, and transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) based on molybdenum and tungsten. In particular, the unique structure of 2D materials offers increased ion accessibility and faster electron transport, which are crucial for improving charge-discharge efficiency and rate capability. The potential of 2D inorganic nanostructures in the design of next-generation supercapacitors, focusing on their ability to optimize energy storage mechanisms, including double-layer capacitance and pseudo-capacitance. It discusses the impact of active mass loading and compares the performance of different SC types, including electrochemical double-layer capacitors, hybrid supercapacitors, and pseudo-capacitors. Emphasis is placed on the synthesis techniques, including sol-gel, hydrothermal, CVD, and electro-polymerization, highlighting their influence on material properties and performance. Finally, comprehensive overview of SC electrode material applications is provided, emphasizing their potential in energy storage systems for sustainable development.