Ciprofol pharmacology and dosing in various populations

Introduction Ciprofol (cipepofol) is a new anesthetic with a phenol structure similar to propofol. It has a rapid onset and offset and may have fewer side effects than propofol. Our study aims to explore the effective dosage of ciprofol in different patient groups and to evaluate the optimal usage in various clinical settings.Methods We conducted a systematic search of studies evaluating the effective dose of ciprofol, including the median effective dose (ED50) and the dose required for 95% of the population (ED95) in different populations, and identified 13 clinical trials. The up and down method and sequential allocation design were the dose-finding strategies used in trials included in the review. Protocol registration: https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero identifier is CRD420251026457.Results The studies we included encompass different patient groups, such as healthy adults, the elderly, children, obese patients, and critically ill patients. The calculated ciprofol ED50 and ED95 values varied among patient subgroups. In the included studies, the lowest reported ED50 for ciprofol was 0.18 mg·kg−1, and the highest was 0.67 mg·kg−1, whereas fewer studies reported ED95 values.Conclusions The minimum effective dose of ciprofol varies depending on the type of patient and clinical setting. Age, weight, BMI, drug interactions, differences in anesthesia induction and maintenance, physiological status and complications can influence the effective dose.