Direct in vitro measurement of forces in the cruciate ligaments. Part II

Specially designed load-transducers were applied to eight fresh-frozen cadaveric knee specimens in order to measure resultant forces in both cruciate ligaments as the knees were subjected to straight varus-valgus bending moment and to tibial torque (with and without a superimposed posterior tibial force). The forces in the ligaments and tibial rotation were recorded at seven angles of flexion of the knee, between 0 and 90 degrees, before and after section of the posterolateral structures. Ligamentous section increased angulation of the tibia when varus moment was applied to the knee; the large increases in lateral opening of the knee joint were accompanied by increases in the force in the anterior cruciate ligament at all angles of flexion and increases in the force in the posterior cruciate ligament between 45 and 90 degrees of flexion. When valgus moment was applied, there were no significant changes in valgus angulation or the resultant force in either cruciate ligament after ligamentous section. Ligamentous section increased rotation of the tibia when external torque was applied to the knee. The increased external rotation was accompanied by decreases in the force in the anterior cruciate ligament between 0 and 20 degrees of flexion of the knee and increases in the force in the posterior cruciate ligament between 45 and 90 degrees of flexion. In the studies involving applied internal tibial torque, after ligamentous section, rotation of the tibia increased slightly between 60 and 90 degrees of flexion. The force in the anterior cruciate ligament increased between 0 and 20 degrees of flexion, while the force in the posterior cruciate ligament was unaffected.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)