From perception to action: Intracortical recordings reveal cortical gradients of human exogenous attention

Summary Exogenous attention, the process that makes external salient stimuli pop-out of a visual scene, is essential for survival. How attention-capturing events modulate processing dynamics in the human brain remains unclear. We obtained a comprehensive depiction of attentional cortical dynamics at high spatiotemporal resolution, by analyzing brain activity from 1,403 intracortical contacts implanted in 28 individuals, while they performed an exogenous attention task. The timing, location and task-relevance of attentional events defined a spatiotemporal gradient of three neural clusters, which mapped onto cortical core-periphery topography and presented a hierarchy of timescales, providing the scaffolding for attention temporal computations. Visual attributes modulated neural activity at one end of the gradient, while activity at the other end reflected the upcoming response timing, with attentional effects occurring at the intersection of visual and response signals. These findings reveal how the psychological construct of exogenous attention emerges over large-scale cortical gradients in the human brain.