Fluorinated electrode materials for high-energy batteries

High-capacity and high-voltage fluorinated electrode materials have attracted great interest for next-generation high-energy batteries, which is associated with the high electronegativity of fluorine. They constitute a large family with varied structures and compositions that can bring huge opportunities for high-energy batteries. This review systematically discusses the advances in these fluorinated electrode materials. First, comprehensive insights into fluorinated electrode materials are emphasized regarding the basic fluorine chemistry, reaction mechanisms, structure properties, and synthesis strategies. Next, the fluorinated electrode materials are discussed in four classes: metal fluorides, fluorine-based polyanionic compounds, carbon fluorides, and fluorine-substituted/surface-fluorinated electrode materials. In each class of fluorinated electrode materials, the synthesis, crystal structures, electrochemical performances, structure-property correlations, and battery reaction mechanisms of some significant breakthroughs are discussed. The challenges and perspectives are proposed to indicate a possible direction for future research in this area. This review offers a comprehensive look into fundamental fluorine chemistry by surveying a broad class of fluorinated electrode materials.