Metabolomic analysis reveals dynamic changes in secondary metabolites of Sophora japonica L. during flower maturation

Sophora japonica L. is widely consumed in China because of its medicinal and nutritional value. Its quality is greatly affected by the accumulation of metabolites, which varies with the stage of flower development. However, changes in the characteristics of the secondary metabolites during flower maturity remain unclear. Ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization-triple quadrupole-linear ion trap mass spectrometry (UPLC-ESI-QTRAP-MS/MS) revealed dynamic changes in the secondary metabolites of S. japonica during the five flower-maturity stages. We monitored 331 metabolites and screened 164. The differential metabolites showed seven trends during flower maturation, with flavonoids and phenolic acids having the most varied expressions. Flower buds (S2-S3) are rich in flavonoids and are thus suitable for use in high-quality medicine or industrial extraction. Our study provides an empirical basis for the informed harvesting of S. japonica based on its mode of utilization.