Tire Wear Particles Exposure Enhances Denitrification in Soil by Enriching Labile DOM and Shaping the Microbial Community

Tire wear particles (TWP) are emerging contaminants in the soil environment due to their widespread occurrence and potential threat to soil health. However, their impacts on soil biogeochemical processes remain unclear. Here, we investigated the effects of TWP at various doses and their leachate on soil respiration and denitrification using a robotized continuous-flow incubation system in upland soil. Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry and high-throughput sequencing were employed to elucidate the mechanisms underpinning the TWP effects. We show that TWP increased soil CO 2, N 2, and N 2 O emissions, which were attributed to the changes in content and composition of soil dissolved organic matter (DOM) induced by TWP and their leachate. Specifically, the labile DOM components (H/C ≥ 1.5 and transformation >10), which were crucial in shaping the denitrifying community, were significantly enriched by TWP exposure. Furthermore, the abundances of denitrification genes ( nirK / S and nosZ -I) and the specific denitrifying genera Pseudomonas were increased following TWP exposure. Our findings provide new insights into impacts of TWP on carbon and nitrogen cycling in soil, highlighting that TWP exposure may exacerbate greenhouse gas emissions and fertilizer N loss, posing adverse effects on soil fertility in peri-urban areas and climate change mitigation.