Epidemiological characteristics of antibiotic resistance genes in various bacteria worldwide

• ARGs rise globally, adding one every three years, linked to increased antibiotic use. • Pathogenic bacteria exhibit a higher content of various types of ARGs. • Intracellular parasites have a higher prevalence of specific ARGs. • High-middle-income and lower-middle-income countries face more severe ARG challenges. • Factors like motility, non-sporulation, and pathogenicity relate to higher ARGs. This study aims to investigate the epidemiological characteristics of various bacteria carrying ARGs on a global scale over extended time periods. A total of 25,285 globally isolated bacteria’s genomes were analyzed to explore ARGs. The analysis focused on temporal, geographic, and species distribution, including pathogenic and non-pathogenic bacteria, intracellular parasitic states, ARG types, and their association with MGEs. Multiple linear regression was employed to identify ARG risk factors in bacteria. The overall prevalence of bacteria with ARGs was 64.2%, indicating that at least one ARG was present in 64.2% (16,243/25,285) of the included bacterial, with an average of 14.4 ARGs per bacterium. ARGs have been increasing globally, averaging one additional ARG every three years, closely linked to rising antibiotic consumption. Pathogenic bacteria harbored more ARGs than non-pathogenic ones. Intracellular parasitic bacteria still carry specific types of ARGs despite being less likely to generate ARGs. Clinical and human-associated bacteria showed higher ARG counts, and bacteria isolated from humans had the highest number of disinfectant-resistant genes. The average number of ARGs in bacteria isolated from high-middle-income and lower-middle-income countries is higher. Factors like motility, non-sporulation, Gram-positive staining, extracellular parasitism, and human pathogenicity are linked to higher ARGs levels. An increasing number of bacteria carrying ARGs pose a significant challenge to the control of antibiotics-resistant pathogens worldwide. The issue of bacteria carrying more ARGs requires greater global attention.