Innovative biosensing smart masks: unveiling the future of respiratory monitoring

Real-time monitoring of respiratory health is increasingly critical, particularly in addressing global health challenges such as Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). Smart masks equipped with biosensing mechanisms revolutionize respiratory health monitoring by enabling real-time detection of respiratory parameters and biomarkers. In recent years, significant advancements have been achieved in the development of smart masks based on different sensor types with high sensitivity and accuracy, flexible functionality, and portability, providing new approaches for remote and real-time monitoring of respiratory parameters and biomarkers. In this review, we aim to provide a comprehensive overview of the current state of development and future potential of biosensing smart masks in various domains. This review outlines a systematic categorization of smart masks according to diverse sensing principles, classifying them into six categories: electrochemical sensors, optical sensors, piezoelectric sensors, and others. This review discusses the basic sensing principles and mechanisms of smart masks and describes the existing research developments of their different biosensors. Additionally, it explores the innovative applications of smart masks in health monitoring, protective functions, and expanding application scenarios. This review also identifies the current challenges faced by smart masks, including issues with sensor accuracy, environmental interference, and the need for better integration of multifunctional features. Proposed solutions to these challenges are discussed, along with the anticipated role of smart masks in early disease detection, personalized medicine, and environmental protection.