A review of encapsulation methods and geometric improvements of perovskite solar cells and modules for mass production and commercialization

Owing to the outstanding optoelectronic properties of perovskite materials, perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have been widely studied by academic organizations and industry corporations, with great potential to become the next-generation commercial solar cells. However, critical challenges remain in preserving high efficiency practical large-scale commercialized PSCs: a) the long-term stability of the cell materials and devices, b) lead leakage, and c) methods to scale the cells for larger area applications. This paper summarizes the prior-art strategies to address the above challenges, including the latest studies on the traditional glass-glass and thin-film encapsulation methods to better improve the reliability of PSCs, new technologies for preventing lead leakage, and geometric improvement strategies to enhance the reliability, efficiency, and performance of perovskite solar modules (PSMs). Through these strategies, the device achieved enhanced performance in long-term stability tests. The encapsulation resulted in a high lead leakage inhibition rate of up to 99 ​%, and the PSMs possessed a geometric fill factor of 99.6 ​% and a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 20.7 ​%. The dramatic improvement of efficiency and reliability of perovskite solar cells and modules indicate the great potential for mass production and commercialization of perovskite solar applications in the near future.