The giant flexoelectric effect in a luffa plant-based sponge for green devices and energy harvesters

Soft materials that can produce electrical energy under mechanical stimulus or deform significantly via moderate electrical fields are important for applications ranging from soft robotics to biomedical science. Piezoelectricity, the property that would ostensibly promise such a realization, is notably absent from typical soft matter. Flexoelectricity is an alternative form of electromechanical coupling that universally exists in all dielectrics and can generate electricity under nonuniform deformation such as flexure and conversely, a deformation under inhomogeneous electrical fields. The flexoelectric coupling effect is, however, rather modest for most materials and thus remains a critical bottleneck. In this work, we argue that a significant emergent flexoelectric response can be obtained by leveraging a hierarchical porous structure found in biological materials. We experimentally illustrate our thesis for a natural dry luffa vegetable-based sponge and demonstrate an extraordinarily large mass- and deformability-specific electromechanical response with the highest-density-specific equivalent piezoelectric coefficient known for any material (50 times that of polyvinylidene fluoride and more than 10 times that of lead zirconate titanate). Finally, we demonstrate the application of the fabricated natural sponge as green, biodegradable flexible smart devices in the context of sensing (e.g., for speech, touch pressure) and electrical energy harvesting.