Advances in the application of protein-polysaccharide-polyphenol ternary complexes for creating and stabilizing Pickering emulsions

Pickering Emulsions (PEs) have gained significant attention due to their simplicity of preparation, the prospect of using a wide range of natural biopolymers to create Pickering particles and high stability. To overcome the limitations of conventional emulsions stabilized by synthetic surfactants, biopolymers such as proteins and polysaccharides are increasingly used as sustainable and eco-friendly Pickering particles for PEs. Pickering particles produced using protein-polysaccharide-polyphenol ternary complexes offer enhanced stability and functionality of PEs, overcoming issues associated with single-component or binary complexes. PEs stabilized by particles comprised of these ternary complexes find preferential applications in diverse industries, including food, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals. This concise review presents a snapshot of recent advances in research, highlighting the nature of interactions among the components of Pickering particles, fabrication methods, and applications of these ternary complexes in Pickering emulsions.