Constructing a Stable Integrated Silicon Electrode with Efficient Lithium Storage Performance through Multidimensional Structural Design

Silicon (Si) stands out as a highly promising anode material for next-generation lithium-ion batteries. However, its low intrinsic conductivity and the severe volume changes during the lithiation/delithiation process adversely affect cycling stability and hinder commercial viability. Rational design of electrode architecture to enhance charge transfer and optimize stress distribution of Si is a transformative way to enhance cycling stability, which still remains a great challenge. In this work, we fabricated a stable integrated Si electrode by combining two-dimensional graphene sheets (G), one-dimensional Si nanowires (SiNW), and carbon nanotubes (CNT) through the cyclization process of polyacrylonitrile (PAN). The integrated electrode features a G/SiNW framework enveloped by a conformal coating consisting of cyclized PAN (cPAN) and CNT. This configuration establishes interconnected electron and lithium-ion transport channels, coupled with a rigid-flexible encapsulated coating, ensuring both high conductivity and resistance against the substantial volume changes in the electrode. The unique multidimensional structural design enhances the rate performance, cyclability, and structural stability of the integrated electrode, yielding a gravimetric capacity (based on the total mass of the electrode) of 650 mAh g^-1 after 1000 cycles at 3.0 A g^-1. When paired with a commercial LiNi_0.5Co_0.2Mn_0.3O₂ cathode, the resulting full cell retains 84.8% of its capacity after 160 cycles at 2.0 C and achieves an impressive energy density of 435 Wh kg^-1 at 0.5 C, indicating significant potential for practical applications. This study offers valuable insights into comprehensive electrode structure design at the electrode level for Si-based materials.