Polystyrene microplastics reduce Cr(VI) and decrease its aquatic toxicity under simulated sunlight

Microplastics (MPs) serve as vectors for chromium (Cr), influencing its fate and toxicity in aquatic environments, and have attracted much attention recently. However, it is still unknown whether MPs mediate Cr species transformation under sunlight irradiation. This study confirmed that polystyrene (PS) MPs could reduce Cr(VI) to Cr(III) under sunlight irradiation, with a photoreduction rate constant of 0.0023 h-1. PS MPs-mediated Cr(VI) reduction was predominantly dependent on O2•- and simultaneously suppressed by 1O2, •OH and 3PS* . Aged PS MPs were exposed to simulated sunlight irradiation for 0, 200, 500, and 800 h, and Cr(VI) reduction was hindered by increased 1O2 and •OH formation and light-screening effects (decreased photon absorption). The size, functional groups and concentration of PS MPs and environmental factors (e.g., humic acid, pH, Mg2+, Fe3+ and O2) strongly affected Cr(VI) reduction. Furthermore, Cr(VI) reduction induced by PS MPs could occur in reservoir water, and the reduction rate was faster than that in double distilled (DD) water. Correspondingly, PS MPs (1 mg/L) decreased the oxidative stress induced by Cr(VI) to Lemna minor in reservoir water after 96 h of sunlight irradiation. This study provided deep insight into how PS MPs affect Cr species transformations and hazardous effects in realistic aquatic environments under sunlight conditions.