The Digital Standardized Patient: An Artificial Intelligence Coach for Cultural Dexterity in Surgical Care

This pilot study demonstrates the promise of SP-LLMs as scalable tools for advancing cultural dexterity training in surgical education and beyond. Residents found the platform clinically relevant and effective for practicing culturally sensitive communication. With continued development, SP-LLMs have the potential to broaden access to high-quality, scenario-based training across medical specialties and institutions.