Hierarchically Structured Ti-TiO2 Membranes Fabricated by Femtosecond Laser Ablation and Atomic Layer Deposition for Enhanced Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting

at 1.4 V vs NHE, an IPCE (Incident photon to current conversion efficiency) of ∼31% at 275 nm, and a 3-fold increase in ABPE (Applied Bias Photon-to-current Efficiency) compared to the uncoated sample. This strategy presents a scalable and reproducible approach to high-performance, binder-free photoanodes for solar hydrogen production.