Nanozyme-enabled cancer theranostics: bridging enzyme mimicry and material intelligence

Nanozymes, an innovative class of biocatalytic nanomaterials, have emerged as promising tools in cancer theranostics. By combining the advantages of nanotechnology and enzymes, nanozymes not only mimic the functions of natural enzymes but also specifically target tumor sites, significantly enhancing the efficiency of biological reactions and overcoming the limitations of natural enzymes. In this review, we first introduce the catalytic activities and physicochemical properties of nanozymes. This dual functionality bridges therapeutic intervention and diagnostic precision. Furthermore, this review discusses the relevant antitumor mechanisms of nanozymes, their key roles in multimodal cancer therapies, and their potential as cancer diagnostic tools. Finally, a comprehensive discussion is provided on the advantages, challenges, design rationales, and future directions of nanozymes in clinical translation.