Macrophage polarization in tumors: The impact of efferocytosis

Efferocytosis is an indispensable process for maintaining tissue homeostasis, in which apoptotic cells (ACs) are cleared by professional and non-professional phagocytes. Impaired efferocytosis has been linked to various pathological conditions, ranging from inflammatory disorders to tumors. Mounting evidence suggests that efferocytosis plays a critical role in tumors initiation and progression through multiple molecules and their associated signaling pathways. By fostering an immunosuppressive microenvironment and enabling cancer cell to evade immune surveillance, efferocytosis promotes tumor growth. These findings highlight novel directions for cancer treatment by targeting efferocytosis. This article reviews the process of efferocytosis and its role in the tumor microenvironment, elucidating key signaling pathways that drive M2 macrophage polarization. It also discusses emerging anti-tumor therapeutic strategies based on these mechanisms.