Suppressing Interfacial Dipoles to Minimize Open‐Circuit Voltage Loss in Quantum Dot Photovoltaics

Abstract Quantum‐dot (QD) photovoltaics (PVs) offer promise as energy‐conversion devices; however, their open‐circuit‐voltage ( V OC ) deficit is excessively large. Previous work has identified factors related to the QD active layer that contribute to V OC loss, including sub‐bandgap trap states and polydispersity in QD films. This work focuses instead on layer interfaces, and reveals a critical source of V OC loss: electron leakage at the QD/hole‐transport layer (HTL) interface. Although large‐bandgap organic materials in HTL are potentially suited to minimizing leakage current, dipoles that form at an organic/metal interface impede control over optimal band alignments. To overcome the challenge, a bilayer HTL configuration, which consists of semiconducting alpha‐sexithiophene (α‐6T) and metallic poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiphene) polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS), is introduced. The introduction of the PEDOT:PSS layer between α‐6T and Au electrode suppresses the formation of undesired interfacial dipoles and a Schottky barrier for holes, and the bilayer HTL provides a high electron barrier of 1.35 eV. Using bilayer HTLs enhances the V OC by 74 mV without compromising the J SC compared to conventional MoO 3 control devices, leading to a best power conversion efficiency of 9.2% (>40% improvement relative to relevant controls). Wider applicability of the bilayer strategy is demonstrated by a similar structure based on shallow lowest‐unoccupied‐molecular‐orbital (LUMO) levels.