An aqueous manganese–lead battery for large-scale energy storage

A manganese–lead battery based on MnO₂/Mn²⁺ cathodic reaction and PbSO₄/Pb anodic reaction was demonstrated. With an optimized deposition behavior and high solubility of MnO₂, high areal capacity (50 mA h cm⁻²) and energy density (187 W h L⁻¹) can be obtained.