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Toxin-Antitoxin Systems as Phage Defense Elements

生物 抗毒素 噬菌体 基因组 质粒 细菌 微生物学 遗传学 基因 毒素 病毒学 大肠杆菌
作者
Michele LeRoux,Michael T. Laub
出处
期刊:Annual Review of Microbiology [Annual Reviews]
卷期号:76 (1): 21-43 被引量:51
标识
DOI:10.1146/annurev-micro-020722-013730
摘要

Toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems are ubiquitous genetic elements in bacteria that consist of a growth-inhibiting toxin and its cognate antitoxin. These systems are prevalent in bacterial chromosomes, plasmids, and phage genomes, but individual systems are not highly conserved, even among closely related strains. The biological functions of TA systems have been controversial and enigmatic, although a handful of these systems have been shown to defend bacteria against their viral predators, bacteriophages. Additionally, their patterns of conservation—ubiquitous, but rapidly acquired and lost from genomes—as well as the co-occurrence of some TA systems with known phage defense elements are suggestive of a broader role in mediating phage defense. Here, we review the existing evidence for phage defense mediated by TA systems, highlighting how toxins are activated by phage infection and how toxins disrupt phage replication. We also discuss phage-encoded systems that counteract TA systems, underscoring the ongoing coevolutionary battle between bacteria and phage. We anticipate that TA systems will continue to emerge as central players in the innate immunity of bacteria against phage.
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