Demonstration of fast and equilibrium human muscle creatine CEST imaging at 3 T

Purpose Creatine chemical exchange saturation transfer (CrCEST) MRI is used increasingly in muscle imaging. However, the CrCEST measurement depends on the RF saturation duration (Ts) and relaxation delay (Td), and it is challenging to compare the results of different scan parameters. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the quasi‐steady‐state (QUASS) CrCEST MRI on clinical 3T scanners. Methods T 1 and CEST MRI scans of Ts/Td of 1 s/1 s and 2 s/2 s were obtained from a multi‐compartment creatine phantom and 5 healthy volunteers. The CrCEST effect was quantified with asymmetry analysis in the phantom, whereas 5‐pool Lorentzian fitting was applied to isolate creatine from phosphocreatine, amide proton transfer, combined magnetization transfer and nuclear Overhauser enhancement effects, and direct water saturation in four major muscle groups of the lower leg. The routine and QUASS CrCEST measurements were compared under two different imaging conditions. Paired Student's t ‐test was performed with p ‐values less than 0.05 considered statistically significant. Results The phantom study showed a substantial influence of Ts/Td on the routine CrCEST quantification ( p = 0.02), and such impact was mitigated with the QUASS algorithm ( p = 0.20). The volunteer experiment showed that the routine CrCEST, amide proton transfer, and combined magnetization transfer and nuclear Overhauser enhancement effects increased significantly with Ts and Td ( p < 0.05) and were significantly smaller than the corresponding QUASS indices ( p < 0.01). In comparison, the QUASS CrCEST MRI showed little dependence on Ts and Td, indicating its robustness and accuracy. Conclusion The QUASS CrCEST MRI is feasible to provide fast and accurate muscle creatine imaging.