⋆ The broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions

This chapter discusses the long-term effect of positive emotions on a person's well-being. A brief history on the research done on positive emotions is reviewed and several trends are identified. First, positive emotions have been neglected relative to negative emotions. Second, positive emotions have often been confused with related affective states. Third, the functions of positive emotions are identified as facilitating approach behaviour. The author then proposes an alternative model, the broaden-and-build theory, to better capture the unique effects of positive emotions. This is then contrasted with traditional models based on specific action tendencies. The chapter ends with a discussion on the research findings which reveal that positive emotions broaden thought-action repertoires, undo lingering negative emotions, fuel psychological resiliency, build personal resources, promote physical and psychological well-being, and engender the complex dynamics that enable humans to thrive and flourish in their day-to-day lives.