Thinking differently about ILCs—Not just tissue resident and not just the same as CD4+ T‐cell effectors

Abstract Innate lymphoid cells ( ILC s) resemble adaptive T lymphocytes based on transcription factor expression, cytokine production, and their presumptive roles in immunity, but are activated for effector function through cytokine signaling and not antigen‐specific receptors. The prevailing view is that ILC s adapt to specific microenvironments during development and operate as tissue‐resident cells in co‐operation with antigen‐specific T cells to provide host protection and contribute to tissue maintenance. In particular, conventional models equate the activity of different ILC subsets with CD 4 + effector T‐cell types based on corresponding transcription factor expression and a potential for comparable cytokine production. Based on recent data from our laboratory, we suggest that these views on tissue residence and parallel functioning to CD 4 + T cells are too restrictive. Our findings show that ILC 2s can be mobilized from the gut under inflammatory conditions and contribute to distal immunity in the lungs during infection, whereas gut‐resident ILC 3s operate in a quite distinct manner from Th17 CD 4 + effector cells in responding to commensal microbes, with important implications for control of metabolic homeostasis. In this review, we discuss the recent advances leading to these revised views of ILC inter‐organ trafficking and the distinct and complementary function of ILC s with respect to adaptive T cells in establishing and maintaining a physiologic host environment.