Electrodes Donate Electrons for Nitrate Reduction in a Soil Matrix via DNRA and Denitrification

Microbial strains and indigenous microbiota in soil slurries have been reported to use electrons from electrodes for nitrate (NO 3 – ) reduction. However, few studies have confirmed this in a soil matrix hitherto. This study investigated if, and how, an electric potential affected NO 3 – reduction in a soil matrix. The results showed that, compared to a control treatment, applying an electric potential of −0.5 V versus the standard hydrogen electrode (SHE) significantly increased the relative abundance of NO 3 – -reducing microbes (e.g., Alcaligenaceae and Pseudomonadaceae) and the abundances of the nrfA, nirK, nirS, and nosZ genes in soil matrices. Meanwhile, the electric potential treatment doubled the NO 3 – reduction rate and significantly increased the rates of production of ammonium (NH 4 + ), dinitrogen (N 2 ), and nitrous oxide (N 2 O). The amount of NO 3 – -N reduced under the electric potential treatment was comparable to the sum of the amounts of N observed in the increased N 2 O, N 2, NH 4 +, and nitrite (NO 2 – ) pools. An open-air experiment showed that the electric potential treatment promoted soil NO 3 – reduction with a spatial scale of at least 38 cm. These results demonstrated that an electric potential treatment could enhance NO 3 – reduction via both denitrification and dissimilatory NO 3 – reduction to ammonium (DNRA) in the soil matrix. The mechanisms revealed in this study have implications for the future development of potential techniques for enhancing NO 3 – reduction in the vadose zone and consequently reducing the risk of NO 3 – leaching.