Large scale real time dynamic hybrid testing technique -shake tables substructure testing

Testing of large-scale specimens and models is currently possible in a few earthquake-engineering laboratories around the world. However, full-scale laboratory seismic testing of entire civil engineering structures (e.g., cable-stayed bridges, multi-story office buildings, industrial facilities, and pipeline distribution systems) is not likely in the near future due to the prohibitive costs associated with such testing. Not only would the materials, labor, and time associated with full-scale testing exceed available research resources, but the testing of full-scale specimens and entire structures might even be counterproductive, making it difficult to study localized or specific problems within the complex system.