Prevention, Early Diagnosis and Timing in Orthodontics.

Aim: To analyse the role of prevention, early diagnosis, and treatment timing in orthodontics, with a focus on preventive orthodontic treatment in the growing patient. Material and methods: A narrative literature review was performed, combined with clinical evidence. Diagnostic criteria in deciduous and mixed dentition, evaluation of occlusal indicators, oral habits, and radiographic and photographic records were analysed. Literature sources included PubMed, Scopus, and EJPD publications on prevention, early orthodontics, interceptive treatment, and treatment timing. Results: Early identification of malocclusion patterns such as cross-bites, increased overjet, and skeletal Class III discrepancies is essential for targeted interventions. Evidence demonstrates benefits in reducing traumatic risk, improving psychosocial outcomes, and simplifying future orthodontic treatment. Up to 15% of malocclusions can be completely corrected and nearly 50% improved with interceptive measures in mixed dentition. The correct timing of intervention represents a pivotal clinical variable: decisions must be based on growth status, risk evaluation, and evidence of effectiveness and predictability. Conclusion: Prevention, early diagnosis, and treatment timing are key factors in paediatric orthodontics. Timely preventive orthodontic treatment can correct skeletal and dental discrepancies, reduce trauma risk, and improve quality of life. Clinical decisions must be evidence-based and personalised, avoiding unnecessary overtreatment. Therapeutic methods must be effective and efficient in achieving the treatment goals and, above all, must not interfere with the health of growing patients.