Ultra-high initial coulombic efficiency of the TiO2 anode induced by the synergistic role of the electrolyte and binder for sodium-ion batteries

TiO 2 nanocrystallites (5–8 nm) fabricated by an electrochemical method with CMC binder and ether-based electrolyte present a high initial coulombic efficiency (81.6%) and a high specific capacity of 166.23 mA h g −1 after 4800 cycles at 2C for SIBs.