The role of gangliosides in male reproduction

Abstract Male reproduction is a complex process governed by sophisticated cellular and molecular pathways including sperm production, maturation, and delivery. This review underscores the indispensable role of gangliosides—sialic acid-bearing glycosphingolipids prevalent in the male reproductive system—as key modulators of sperm functionality. Gangliosides, which consist of a ceramide core linked to oligosaccharide chains, are predominantly found on cell plasma membranes, where they play crucial roles in cell signaling, adhesion, recognition, and membrane structure. Extensive research has revealed gangliosides’ dynamic contributions to various facets of sperm physiology, such as maturation, capacitation, the acrosome reaction, and ultimately, fertilization. Variability in ganglioside composition and localization during different sperm development stages and within specific areas of the male reproductive tract underscores their importance in sperm functionality and reproductive outcome. Furthermore, disruptions in ganglioside synthesis, transport and distribution on the membrane or surrounding molecules have been associated with male infertility and reproductive dysfunctions, positioning them as potential biomarkers for these conditions. The findings presented in this review not only advance our understanding of the biochemical landscape of male fertility but also propose gangliosides as potential targets for therapeutic intervention, offering a promising avenue for addressing male reproductive disorders. The exploration of gangliosides in the context of male reproduction not only enhances our understanding of male fertility but also paves the way for novel diagnostic and therapeutic strategies in reproductive health. These insights emphasize the urgency and significance of further investigative efforts into ganglioside functions to potentially revolutionize the diagnosis and treatment of male reproductive abnormalities.