Multiphysics advances in analyzing the role of the interfaces and interphases in electrically conductive particle-filled nanocomposites

This Tutorial examines theoretical ideas and models related to interfaces and interphases in electrically conductive particle (e.g., carbon black)-filled polymer nanocomposites (PNC). First, special emphasis is placed on connecting these models to the macroscopic properties of PNC, particularly their electrical and mechanical responses. Next, we discuss the critical importance of interfaces and interphases when considering electrical and mechanical signals across multiple characteristic scales, from aggregate to sample. Numerical simulations, which can predict the coupling between mechanics and electromagnetism with explicit control of the individual PNC constituents, are supported by empirically based knowledge and experimental data. These results demonstrate distinct potential opportunities for multifunctional conductive particle-filled PNC, enabling new sensors and 3D smart materials applications to enhance control of electromechanical couplings. Several future directions in this active research area are also briefly discussed.