Optimization Model of Steel‐Prestressed Concrete Hybrid Wind Turbine Tower: Using a Combined Differential Whale Optimization Algorithm

ABSTRACT This study proposes a combined differential whale optimization algorithm (CDWOA) to evaluate the cost optimization model of steel‐prestressed concrete hybrid wind turbine tower (WTT) structures: (1) For steel‐prestressed concrete hybrid WTTs, the chosen optimal scale factors of F 1 = 0.005 and F 2 = 0.03 lead to the fast and stable optimization of hybrid WTT structures; (2) establishing a relatively complete set of WTT design constraints for steel‐prestressed concrete. This also effectually helps to overcome the key problems of large amounts of calculation time and cost caused by repeated structural analysis. The results demonstrate that CDWOA offers significant advantages in optimizing hybrid WTTs compared to traditional algorithms. Particularly for ultrahigh WTTs, CDWOA exhibits superior applicability. Furthermore, the cost savings achieved by the optimization model increase with the tower height. Finite element analysis indicates that the primary constraint governing algorithm convergence is fatigue strength, aligning well with the model's calculated results.