Ginsenoside F2-modified liposomes delivering FTY720 enhance glioblastoma targeting and antitumor activity via ferroptosis

Our findings revealed the inhibitory effect of FTY720 on GBM, and the great ability of GF2-FTY720-LPs to target GBM. GF2-FTY720-LPs penetrate the blood-brain barrier without relying on specific conditions such as a magnetic field, light, or heat. GF2-FTY720-LPs achieved precise localization by targeting the highly expressed GLUT1 in GBM cells, and efficiently released drugs in the acidic tumor microenvironment, which significantly reduced the off-target toxicity and enhanced the antitumor efficacy compared with traditional chemotherapy drugs. In summary, our study provides new insights and a theoretical basis for selecting and researching GBM treatment.