Life cycle exposure to differentially charged polystyrene nanoplastics leads to gender-specific particle accumulation and neurotoxicity in zebrafish (Danio rerio)

was detected in the RF (6.57-fold) and ventral hypothalamus (Hv) (3.08-fold) of female brains. Several important biological pathways were negatively impacted in a charge- and gender-specific fashion. This study provides novel insights into the underlying toxicity mechanisms of differentially charged NPs in a model aquatic species, as well as the associated environmental risks of this important group of emerging contaminants.