Construction of a Hydrophilic α-Al 2 O 3 Tight Ultrafiltration Membrane with a Narrow Pore Size via Fe-Lattice Doping

, nearly double the value of the undoped membrane. It also showed a significantly improved normalized flux and a flux recovery ratio exceeding 80%, demonstrating excellent antifouling capability. Similar antifouling and high removal were also observed in humic acid separation. These compelling features highlight its potential for efficient water purification applications.