Carbon Nanotube- and Activated Carbon-Based Micro/Nanofiber Composites for Pollution Control

Abstract Micro/nanofiber composites based on carbon nanotube (CNT)- and activated carbon (AC)-based composites have attracted immense interest as a material that may be used in addressing various issues that affect the environment. The efficacy of these composites is mainly credited to their large surface area, controllable porosity, chemical endurance, and adaptable surface functions. This chapter is a literature review of the recent advancements in development, fabrication, and environmental implementation of CNT- and AC-enhanced micro/nanofibrous materials to treat polluted air, water, and industrial wastewater. Scalable fabrication techniques that enable consistent filler distribution and robust incorporation within polymeric or inorganic fiber networks, such as electrospinning, solution blowing, melt processing, and in situ hybridization, are given special consideration. The discussion also covers the key processes that take place in the elimination of pollutants, such as adsorption, catalytic decomposition, redox-mediated reactions, and size-related filtration. In addition, we critically evaluate applications related to heavy metal removal, degradation of organic pollutants, antimicrobial performance, adsorption of dyes and pharmaceuticals, and particulate matter filtration. Important issues such as environmental sustainability, regeneration ability, and current challenges, including nanomaterial leaching, long-term operational stability, and economically viable large-scale production, are also considered. Finally, we conclude by outlining future research priorities and technological opportunities for advancing CNT/AC-based micro/nanofiber composites as next-generation materials for sustainable environmental remediation and pollution management.