Charge‐Reversal Polymer Nano‐modulators for Photodynamic Immunotherapy of Cancer

Abstract Nanomedicine can regulate the balance between cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) and suppressive regulatory T lymphocytes (Tregs), which however has been rarely exploited for cancer immunotherapy. We report a charge‐reversal polymer nano‐modulator (SP DMC N) activated by tumor microenvironment (TME) for photodynamic immunotherapy of cancer. SP DMC N is constructed by conjugating an immunomodulator (demethylcantharidin, DMC) to the side chains of a photodynamic polymer via an acid‐liable linker. The negative charge of SP DMC N ensures its high stability in blood circulation and ideal tumor accumulation; exposure to acidic TME reverses its surface charge to positive, enhancing tumor penetration and locally releasing DMC. Upon near‐infrared photoirradiation, SP DMC N generates singlet oxygen to ablate tumors and promote maturation of dendritic cells. Released DMC inhibits protein phosphatase 2 (PP2A) activity and decreases Tregs differentiation. Such combinational action induces a sharp increase in CTL/Treg ratio in TME and effectively inhibits both primary and distant tumors in living mice.