Resistance Risk and Molecular Mechanism of Tomato Wilt Pathogen Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici to Pyraclostrobin

Tomato wilt disease caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici (Fol) results in a decrease in tomato yield and quality. Pyraclostrobin, a typical quinone outside inhibitor (QoI), inhibits the cytochrome bc1 complex to block energy transfer. However, there is currently limited research on the effectiveness of pyraclostrobin against Fol. In this study, we determined the activity of pyraclostrobin against Fol and found the EC50 values for pyraclostrobin against 100 Fol strains (which have never been exposed to QoIs before). The average EC50 value is 0.3739 ± 0.2413 μg/mL, indicating a strong antifungal activity of pyraclostrobin against Fol, as shown by unimodal curves of the EC50 values. Furthermore, we generated five resistant mutants through chemical taming and identified four mutants with high-level resistance due to the Cytb-G143S mutation and one mutant with medium-level resistance due to the Cytb-G137R mutation. The molecular docking results indicate that the Cytb-G143S or Cytb-G137R mutations of Fol lead to a change in the binding mode of Cytb to pyraclostrobin, resulting in a decrease in affinity. The resistant mutants exhibit reduced fitness in terms of mycelial growth (25 and 30 °C), virulence, and sporulation. Moreover, the mutants carrying the Cytb-G143S mutation suffer a more severe fitness penalty compared to those carrying the Cytb-G137R mutation. There is a positive correlation observed among azoxystrobin, picoxystrobin, fluoxastrobin, and pyraclostrobin for resistant mutants; however, no cross-resistance was detected between pyraclostrobin and pydiflumetofen, prochloraz, or cyazofamid. Thus, we conclude that the potential risk of resistance development in Fol toward pyraclostrobin can be categorized as ranging from low to moderate.