Gradient scaffolds in bone-soft tissue interface engineering: Structural characteristics, fabrication techniques, and emerging trends

Bone and soft tissues are connected by a complex interface that is crucial for the smooth transfer of mechanical stress. Effective repair of this interface requires bio-scaffolds specifically designed to support the regeneration of diverse cell types and signalling molecules. With advances in micro- and nanotechnologies, gradient biomaterial scaffolds have demonstrated significant potential in interface tissue regeneration. This paper reviews the structure of the bone-soft tissue interface, the various gradient scaffold types, and construction methods. It also discusses the recent developments and future directions in interface tissue engineering, emphasizing the potential of gradient scaffolds to restore the natural structure and function of bone-soft tissue interfaces. Overall, this paper provides valuable insights into the application of gradient scaffolds for bone-soft tissue interface engineering, offering inspiration for biomimetic approaches to soft-hard interface repair in future medical engineering. First, the emphasis on gradient scaffolds could significantly impact clinical practices related to bone-soft tissue integration, ultimately improving patient outcomes and quality of life. Second, it also aligns with the growing trend of biomimetic approaches in medical engineering, potentially inspiring new innovations in bone-soft tissue repair strategies.