Characterization and Mechanism of a Novel Rice Protein Peptide (AHVGMSGEEPE) Calcium Chelate in Enhancing Calcium Absorption in Caco-2 Cells

Rice protein peptides (RPP) are a potentially valuable source of high-quality calcium chelating properties. However, there is a lack of information regarding the calcium-absorption-promoting effect of RPP and its underlying mechanism. The present study adopted molecular docking methodologies to analyze the 10 most potent peptide segments from RPP. Results revealed that the peptide AHVGMSGEEPE (AHV) displayed optimal calcium binding properties (calcium-chelating capacity 55.69 ± 0.66 mg/g). Quantum chemistry analysis revealed that the AHV peptide effectively binds and forms stable complexes with calcium via the carbonyl oxygen atoms in valine at position 3 and the carbonyl of the C-terminal carboxyl group of glutamate at position 11. The spectral analysis results indicated that AHV may bind to calcium through carboxyl oxygen atoms, resulting in a transition from a smooth surface block-like structure to a dense granular structure. Furthermore, this study demonstrated that the 4 mmol/L AHV-Ca chelate (61.75 ± 13.23 μg/well) significantly increases calcium absorption compared to 1 mM CaCl₂ (28.57 ± 8.59 μg/well) in the Caco-2 cell monolayer. In terms of mechanisms, the novel peptide-calcium chelate AHV-Ca derived from RPP exerts a cell-level effect by upregulating the expression of TRPV6 calcium-ion-channel-related genes and proteins (TRPV6 and Calbindin-D9k). This study provides a theoretical basis for developing functional foods with the AHV peptide as ingredients to improve calcium absorption.