Transcriptome Analysis of Porphyromonas gingivalis Lipopolysaccharide‐Induced Early Gene Expression in Human Gingival Keratinocytes

ABSTRACT Aim Porphyromonas gingivalis lipopolysaccharide ( Pg LPS) is a significant virulence factor and a driver of early innate immune responses in epithelial cells. The presence of Pg LPS in immediate proximity to gingival epithelium induces significant inflammatory responses. In primary human gingival keratinocytes (HGK), we utilized transcriptome analysis to elucidate the change in early gene expression induced by Pg LPS. Methods HGK cell cultures were treated with Pg LPS (4 h), and RNA was extracted and prepared for RNA sequence (RNAseq) analysis. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified, and potential interactions between these genes were subsequently examined using gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analytic approaches to identify significantly enriched pathways. Expression of genes associated with relevant pathways was evaluated using real‐time quantitative reverse‐transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT‐qPCR). Results RNAseq analysis identified 25 DEGs, and GO and KEGG analytic approaches showed related genes expressed in two general pathways. First, pathways broadly related to urokinase and coagulation included the genes PLAU , PLAUR , and SerpinB2 . In RT‐qPCR analysis, these genes were induced by Pg LPS over time (4–24 h), and these data were consistent with Pg LPS induction of cell migration. Second, interleukin‐1 (IL‐1) receptor binding and cytokine‐activity pathways were also enriched. Genes associated with these pathways included IL36G , IL1B , IL1RN , and CXCL14 . RT‐qPCR analysis confirmed Pg LPS induction of genes associated with the IL‐1family. When expression of IL1B and IL36G genes was examined in relation to their respective antagonists, only IL36G gene expression was increased. CXCL14 gene expression was reduced over time, and this was consistent with RNAseq analysis. Conclusions Genes associated with significantly enriched GO and KEGG pathways are relevant to aspects of periodontal disease (PDD) pathogenesis. First, Pg LPS induced expression of PLAU , PLAUR , and SerpinB2 , and these changes were consistent with an increase in cell migration that was found. Second, both IL36G and IL1B gene expression was significantly induced, but only IL36G in relation to its selective antagonist ( IL36RN ) was increased. These data support that early upregulation of IL36G may serve as an alarmin that can drive early innate immune inflammatory responses in HGK. Further in vivo testing of these findings is ongoing.