Noninvasive Lung Cancer Subtype Classification Using Tumor-Derived Signatures and cfDNA Methylome

Abstract Accurate diagnosis of lung cancer is important for treatment decision-making. Tumor biopsy and histologic examination are the standard for determining histologic lung cancer subtypes. Liquid biopsy, particularly cell-free DNA (cfDNA), has recently shown promising results in cancer detection and classification. In this study, we investigate the potential of cfDNA methylome for the noninvasive classification of lung cancer histologic subtypes. We focused on the two most prevalent lung cancer subtypes, lung adenocarcinoma and lung squamous cell carcinoma. Using a fragment-based marker discovery approach, we identified robust subtype-specific methylation markers from tumor samples. These markers were successfully validated in independent cohorts and associated with subtype-specific transcriptional activity. Leveraging these markers, we constructed a subtype classification model using cfDNA methylation profiles, achieving an AUC of 0.808 in cross-validation and an AUC of 0.747 in the independent validation. Tumor copy-number alterations inferred from cfDNA methylome analysis revealed potential for treatment selection. In summary, our study demonstrates the potential of cfDNA methylome analysis for noninvasive lung cancer subtyping, offering insights for cancer monitoring and early detection. Significance: This study explores the use of cfDNA methylomes for the classification of lung cancer subtypes, vital for effective treatment. By identifying specific methylation markers in tumor tissues, we developed a robust classification model achieving high accuracy for noninvasive subtype detection. This cfDNA methylome approach offers promising avenues for early detection and monitoring.