Dynamic interfaces in metal–organic frameworks

epitaxial growth. These dynamic processes all originate from the reversible breaking and re-formation of versatile coordination bonds under external stimuli such as light, heat, solvents, pressure, and electric fields, endowing MOFs with broad application potential in adsorption, separation, catalysis, sensing, and beyond. By integrating key recent advances, this review presents a paradigm shift in the understanding of MOFs, moving beyond their traditional perception as static porous materials to focus on their dynamic interfaces as the central determinant of functionality.