Parabacteroides goldsteinii-derived outer membrane vesicles alleviate acute lung injury via modulation of bile acid metabolism

In summary, Pg-OMVs increased the abundance of Akkermansia muciniphila while decreasing the abundance of Clostridia_bacterium in the gut, elevated systemic CA levels, and suppressed macrophage pyroptosis via inhibition of the NF-κB pathway, thereby attenuating pulmonary inflammation and ultimately alleviating ALI. These findings highlight a novel therapeutic strategy for the treatment of ALI or ARDS by targeting the gut-lung axis.