Adjunctive psychobiotic Lactiplantibacillus plantarum PS128 ameliorates gastrointestinal comorbidities and alters circulating miRNAs and gut microbiota in children with Tourette syndrome: a randomized controlled trial

abundance after PS128 intervention, which positively correlated with miR-199a-3p expression and negatively correlated with CGI scores. No intervention-related adverse events were reported. Despite no significant effect on core tic severity, PS128 improved gastrointestinal and attentional symptoms with accompanying GBA molecular changes, supporting further investigation as an adjunctive therapy for pediatric TS.