The ability of hydroxysafflor yellow a to attenuate lipopolysaccharide‐induced pulmonary inflammatory injury in mice

Hydroxysafflor yellow A (HSYA) is a component of the flower of Carthamus tinctorius L. The present study investigated whether HSYA could attenuate acute lung injury (ALI) induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) administration. Male Kunming mice were pretreated with HSYA 0.5 h prior to intraperitoneal application of LPS. Arterial blood gas, lung water content index, lung tissue myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, mRNA expression of inflammatory cytokines, NF-κBp65, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and pathological changes in lung morphology were assessed. After LPS administration, all animals displayed increased arterial carbon dioxide partial pressure (PaCO₂), and decreased arterial oxygen partial pressure (PaO₂), arterial oxygen saturation (SO₂), HCO₃⁻ concentration and pH, which were ameliorated by pretreating the animals with HSYA. HSYA administration significantly attenuated inflammatory cell infiltration and alleviated pulmonary edema induced by LPS. Moreover, HSYA decreased NF-κB p65 nuclear translocation, inhibited proinflammatory cytokine TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 mRNA expression and promoted antiinflammatory cytokine IL-10 gene expression following LPS injection. Pulmonary p38 MAPK phosphorylation was upregulated 4 h after LPS treatment, which could be suppressed by pretreatment with HSYA. These findings demonstrated the protective effect of HSYA against LPS-induced acute lung injury, which is suggested to be associated with the inhibition of p38 MAPK, NF-κB p65 activation and alteration of inflammatory cytokine expression.