Effect of vernolide-A, a sesquiterpene lactone fromVernonia cinereaL., on cell-mediated immune response in B16F-10 metastatic melanoma-bearing mice

One of the major reasons for the rapid progression of cancers is the ability of tumor cells to escape from the immune surveillance mechanism of the body. Modulation of immune responses is highly relevant in tumor cell destruction. Effect of vernolide-A on the cell-mediated immune (CMI) response in metastatic condition was studied using C57BL/6 mice model. Administration of vernolide-A enhanced natural killer (NK) cell activity, antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), and antibody-dependent complement-mediated cytotoxicity (ACC) and the activity was observed in treated group much earlier compared with the metastatic tumor-bearing control. Administration of vernolide-A significantly enhanced the production of interleukin (IL)-2 and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) in metastatic tumor-bearing animals. In addition, vernolide-A significantly down-regulated the serum levels of proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and granulocyte–macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) during metastasis. All these results demonstrate that vernolide-A could enhance the immune response against metastatic progression of B16F-10 melanoma cells in mice.