Public-Access Computer Systems: The Next Generation of Library Automation Systems

Historically, library automation has focused attention on the automation of internal library processes, such as cataloging; however, a new generation of library automation systems intended for direct use by library patrons is emerging. These public-access computer systems are categorized and described. The types of public-access computer systems are: (1) catalog information systems, (2) electronic information systems, (3) information presentation systems, (4) instructional systems, (5) consultation systems, (6) information service and delivery systems, (7) conferencing systems, (8) integrative systems, and (9) end-user computing facilities. To be effective, these computer-based systems must be integrated with the traditional collections and services of libraries. Increasingly, libraries are making computer systems available for public use. Online catalogs, end-user searching services for remote databases, CD-ROM reference databases, and local reference databases on mainframes and minicomputers are examples of public-access computer systems. A public-access computer system is defined, simply, as any library computer system that a patron can use directly. Prior to the advent of public-access compyter systems, library automation had focused primarily on improving the effectiveness and efficiency of internal library functions: acquisitions, cataloging, circulation, interlibrary loan, office automation, and serials control. The benefits of automating these functions were significant, but not always visible, to library users. Now, libraries are providing users with a powerful array of computerized systems, and the long-standing effort to automate library functions is, at last, becoming unmistakably apparent to users. This paper will survey current and projected public-access computer systems. OVERVIEW OF PUBLIC-ACCESS COMPUTER SYSTEMS Public-access computer systems are still emerging, but it is possible to draw a preliminary map of the territory that they will cover. Public-access computer systems are based on computer and telecommunications technologies, which are evolving at a very rapid rate. Several major trends are shaping the current computing environment.(1) Historically, computer and telecommunications technologies have been characterized by dramatic increases in functionality and price/performance over time and by equally significant decreases in the size of system components. Different types of information (e.g., text, audio, and graphics) are increasingly becoming digitized. High-density storage devices, such as optical disks, are emerging that can store massive amounts of information at low cost. Evolving network technologies permit computers to communicate with each other, although data exchange across heterogeneous networks is still problematic. Artificial intelligence (AI) software is maturing, and a growing number of AI products and systems are becoming available.(2) Public-access computer systems utilize specific computers, operating system and applications software, storage technologies, input/output devices, and data communications systems to provide services to users. The unique mix of technologies employed by a public-access computer system determines its capabilities. It is beyond the scope of this paper to consider fully the diverse technological infrastructures that could be used to implement each different type of public-access computer system. Nonetheless, there are certain technical capabilities of public-access computer systems that are worth highlighting briefly. Depending on underlying software and hardware configurations, these systems can provide users with: (1) rapid dissemination of new information; (2) powerful searching tools for quickly retrieving needed information; (3) sophisticated information manipulation and analysis tools (e.g., statistical and textual analysis software) to assist the user in creating intellectual works from retrieved information; (4) the ability to download information to the user's computer for further manipulation and analysis; (5) simultaneous access to system resources by multiple users; (6) remote access to needed information and services from offices, homes, and other locations; and (7) round-the-clock availability of system resources. …