Engineering the electronic structure of Ni–Co bimetallic sites toward efficient electrochemical biomass upgrading and CO 2 reduction

The integrated CO 2 RR-HMFOR system achieves 43.3% total energy conversion efficiency at 1.7 V cell voltage, with faradaic efficiency of 91.9% for anodic FDCA and 94.7% (66.1% CO, 28.6% H 2 ) for the cathode.