Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein antibody-associated disease as a novel diagnostic entity – clinical and radiological presentations and diagnostic caveats

Introduction and Objective.Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein-associated disease (MOGAD) has emerged as a distinct entity among demyelinating diseases of the central nervous system (CNS).It most commonly manifests around the age of 30 and affects both sexes genders equally.MOGAD includes a broad range of clinical presentations, such as optic neuritis, transverse myelitis, acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, and cerebral cortical encephalitis.The aim of the review is to summarize recent advances in the clinical and radiological characterization of MOGAD, with a focus on diagnostic criteria.Review Methods.A narrative review was conducted using PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science.The search included MeSHbased key words: CNS demyelinating autoimmune diseases, myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein, myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease, neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders, and multiple sclerosis, supplemented by free-text terms.Eligible studies were selected based on predefined criteria and methodological quality.Brief description of the state of knowledge.MOGAD shares partial clinical and radiological overlap with other CNS demyelinating diseases.Optic neuritis and transverse myelitis are the most frequent manifestations, while and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) often shows transient, poorly demarcated lesions that resolve over time.The 2023 International MOGAD Panel criteria unified diagnostic standards by integrating core clinical syndromes, MOG-IgG detection, and supportive MRI findings.Summary.Although substantial progress has been made in characterizing the clinical spectrum, radiological features, and diagnostic approaches of MOGAD, significant gaps persist due to the lack of long-term data on disease trajectory.Future research should focus on disability outcomes and progression, as well as on elucidating epidemiological characteristics.