Flame-made Cu/ZrO2 catalysts with metastable phase and strengthened interactions for CO2 hydrogenation to methanol

The strengthened Cu–Zr interactions in FSP-Cu/ZrO₂ were beneficial for the adsorption of bi-HCOO* and the generation of methoxy species (*OCH₃) at the interface by enhancing Cu⁺ species and Ov compared to the one made by the traditional method.